THE TOTAL DIVING SYSTEM (EQUIPMENT)

 

 

1950 is consider to be the genesis age of the sport

 

Today, the equipment need :

 

1. simplicity
2. consistency
3. adaptability
4. reliability
5. redundancy

 

CYLINDERS:

 

2 METAL: STEEL  3aa MARKING AND ALUMINUM 3al MARKING

 

Steel:

• have tinner walls
• can hold more pressure if made for it
• have less impact on buoyancy
• but they rust in humid condition
• AA+ mean that it can be overfill by 10%

 

Aluminum:

• have ticker walls
• have more impact on buoyancy
• don’t rust

 

 

Valves:

• DIN (deutsche industry norm) regulator screw into the valve, can hold more pressure, for warm or cold water diving
• INT or YORK are use in warm water, simple on of valve
• J , was used when no pressure gauges existed , still in use today, to fill up , the valve need to be in down position

 

Inside the valve is the BURST DISK, if the cylinder is accidentally overfilled, the burst disk break a 160% of the cylinder working pressure. It needs to be changed annually during visual inspection due to metal fatigue

 

• Never empty completely the cylinder to be sure that no contaminants can enter it

 

 

TYPICAL MARKING:

 

VISUAL INSPECTION:

• Every year
• Check for outside for cracks
• Check the inside for contaminants
• Do valve service
• Change the burst disk

 

HDROSTATIC TEST

• EVERY 3 YEARS IN INDONESIA DIFFERENT IN EVERY COUNTRY CHECK THE LAW
• The cylinder is measured and place in water, filled with water and fill up to 5/3 of it’s working pressure (207/3*5)
• The pressure is release and the cylinder is measured again. If there is any difference, the cylinder cannot be use.

 

NITROX CYLNDERS

 

• The cylinder with nitrox content need to be clearly marked, to be sure that no other divers than the user will use them
• The cylinder need to be O2 clean to not explode when filled with pure O2 or O2 more than 40%
• They need to have MOD maximum operating depth
• They need to have the O2 clean service sticker
• They need to have the name of the diver
• They need to have the % from the Gas blender and the analyze from the diver

 

1^ST STAGE REGULATOR

 

4 DIFFERENT KINDS:

1.     PISTON, UNBALANCED

2.     PISTON , BALANCED

3.     DIAPHRAGM, UNBALANCED

4.     DIAPHRAGM, BALANCED

 

·       The piston reduce maintenance

·       Simpler mechanism with less part moving

 

·       The diaphragm is for environmental sealing(ice or dirty water diving)

 

·       Unbalanced means that it is more difficult to get air from the cylinder when low air, 2 divers breath on the same cylinder or deeper depth. Etc…

 

·       Balanced regulator give the same air flow even if low air , if 2 divers breath on the same cylinder or if deeper depth

 

DOWNSTEAM VALVES :

• The air flow within the same opening direction of the valve (going down river) with the river flow
• We find downstream valve in the 1^st and 2^nd stage to be sure that if something break, the air doesn’t stop ( FAIL SAFE SYSTEM)

 

UPSTREAM VALVES:

 

• The air flow against the opening of the valve (going up river) against the flow.
• We find upstream valves in BCD inflator, so if the valve break the air cannot continue to inflate

 

The job of the 1^st stage is to reduce from high pressure (cylinder) to intermediate constant pressure (around 10 bar) for the 2^nd stage who delivers air at ambient pressure.

 

DEPTH GAUGES:

 

• The capillary gauge is the most simple. It is a tube filled with air who compress when depth increases. It works with boyle’s law and it gives you the theoretical depth when diving in altitude. A B C

 

• The bourbon tube works with tube that bent in a coil which uncoiled when depth increases. This gauge is very accurate but need to be adjusted when diving in altitude. The gauge is filled with oil for longer durability

 

• The diaphragm gauge works the same way as the bourbon gauge, but the pressure change is transfer to the needle by the bent of the diaphragm. Be careful to not puncture the back of the diaphragm when opening

 

• The sealed is the most accurate depth gauge

 

COMPUTERS

 

• DIFFERENT ALGORITHM  (SPENCER WASHOUT, EE WASHOUT, BUHLMAN EE WASHOUT.)
• THEY MUST HAVE NITROX COMPABILITY OR JUST NITROX WHO CAN BE SET TO 21% NITROX WHO IS AIRJ
• CAN BE MULTI GAS DIVING FOR TECH DIVERS
• FREEDIVING MODE FOR FREEDIVER
• GAUGE MODE FOR CANCELING NITROGEN ABSORBTION
• HOSELESS CONNECTION TO ATTACHED TO YOU 1^ST STAGE

 

 

WET AND DRY SUITS

 

• WET SUIT CAN BE USE FOR WATER MORE THAN 16C
• Wetsuits works by letting water entering in the  suit an warm the water who cannot escape from the suit keeping the diver warm

 

• Dry suit are use for less than 16C
• Dry suit works by inflating the inside with ARGON who have double or twice the isolation than air. The body warm the argon and keep the diver warm.

 

KNIFES

 

• You must have a knife when you dive.
• Good for cutting fishing lines
• Good for hitting the cylinder to attract other attentions

 

 

SMB Surface marker buoy

 

• This is the cheapest item to buy and take with you. It can save your live if you are lost.

 

SLATES

• Slates are very helpful for complicate underwater communications
• Write on it with pencil and clear it with toothpaste.

 

REPAIR LIMITATION

• The best repair philosophy is prevention
• Never repair a 1^st or 2^nd stage is you are not authorize technician

 

 

SAVE-A-DIVE-KIT

• As a professional, you need to take with you some spare part when you go diving and need:
• Allen keys
• Dust cap
• Silicon
• Fin and mask strap
• Needle to open o rings
• O rind with various sizes
• A full regulator 1^st and 2^nd stage
• More weight
• More weight belt
• Screw driver
• Mask
• Fins

 Scuba Diving Physic

PHYSIC

 

 

PRESSURE IN SALT WATER

 

• AT 20M THE PRESSURE IS 3 BAR

 

FORMULA:

 

20M /     10                 +1                     = 3BAR

            SW      ATM PRESSURE

 

 

PRESSURE IN FRESH WATER

 

• AT 20M THE PRESSURE IS 2.94BAR

 

FORMULA

 

20M /   10.3                +1                    =2.94 BAR

            FW      ATM PRESSURE

 

 

GAUGE PRESSURE VS TOTAL/AMBIENT PRESSURE

 

• THE GAUGE PRESSURE IS THE AMBIENT PRESSURE WITHOUT THE SURFACE PRESSURE

 

FORMULA GAUGE PRESSURE

 

20M  / 10        = 2BAR

            SW

 

20M / 10.3      = 1.94BAR

            FW

 

• THE TOTAL OR AMBIENT PRESSURE IS THE SAME, WE COUNT THE PRESSURE FROM THE SURFACE

 

FORMULA

 

20M / 10         +1                                            = 3BAR

            SW      SURFACE PRESSURE

 

20M / 10.3      +1                                            = 2.94 BAR

            FW      SURFACE PRESSURE

 

TEMPERATURE CHANGES ( CHARLES’ LAW)

 

• IF TEMPERATURE INCREASE, THE PRESSURE INCREASE
• IF TEMPERATURE DECREASE, THE PRESSURE DECREASE
• THE PRESSURE INCREASE OR DECREASE FROM 0.6 BAR PER DEGRES

 

FORMULA

 

FILL TANK TO 200BAR TEMPERATURE OF THE TANK IS 40C WHEN FULL

THE NEXT MORNING THE TANK TEMPERATURE IS 30C

 

CALCULATON:

 

40C – 30C = 10C

 

10C X 0.6 = 6 BAR

 

200BAR – 6 BAR = 194 BAR

 

 

AIR COMSUPTION

 

• THE DEEPER YOU GO THE MORE AIR YOU USE
• SHE SHALLOWER YOU YO THE LESS AIR YOU USE

 

FORMULA

 

PUT ON PAPER LIKE THIS:

1. CHANGE THE METERS TO BAR (BE CAREFULL IF FRESH OR SALT WATER)
2. BRING YOUR COMSUPTION TO THE SURFACE ( LESS SO DIVIDE)
3. BRING YOUR COMSUPTION DOWN (MORE SO TIME)
4. FINISH
5. ALWAYS BRING IT TO THE SURFACE 1^ST

 

 

 

 

VOLUME CHANGES (BOYLE’S LAW)

 

• IF THE PRESSURE INCREASE, THE VOLUME DECREASE
• IF THE PRESSURE DECREASE, THE VOLUME INCREASE

 

FORMULA:

 

PUT ON PAPER LIKE THIS:

1. CHANGE THE METERS IN BAR (BE CAREFULL OF FRESH OR SALT WATER)
2. BRING YOUR VOLUME TO THE SURFACE ( MORE SO TIME)
3. BRING YOUR VOLUME DOWN ( LESS SO DIVIDE)
4. FINISH
5. ALWAYS BRING TO THE SURFACE 1^ST

 

FRESH WATER:

ANSWER

WEIGHT OF WATER

 

• 1LT OF FRESH WATER WEIGHTS 1.0 KG
• 1LT OF SALT WATER WEIGHTS 1.03 KG

 

FORMULA

 

10LT FW X 1 = 1KG

10LT SW X 1.03 = 1.03KG

 

ARCHIMEDE’S PRINCIPLE

 

• IF YOU PLACE AN OBJECT IN THE WATER, THIS OBJECT WILL DISPLACE WATER.

1. IF THE WEIGHT OF THE WATER DISPLACED IS LESS THAN THE WEIGHT OF THE OBJECT, THE OBJECT WILL SINK (COIN IN WATER)
2. IF THE WEIGHT OF THE WATER DISPLACED IS MORE THE THE WEIGHT OF THE OBJECT, THE OBJECT WILL FLOAT
3. IF THE WEIGHT OF THE WATER DISPLACES IS THE SAME WEIGHT AS THE OBJECT, THE OBJECT WILL BE NEUTRAL

 

• BE CAREFULL IF THE OBJECT IS IN FRESH OR SALT WATER
• YOU NEED TO KNOW: THE WEIGHT OF THE OBJECT (KG), THE VOLUME OF WATER DISPLACED (LT) AND IF IN FRESH OR SALT WATER
• IF YOU DON’T HAVE THESE NUMBERS, YOU CANNOT CALCULATE!!!

 

 

FORMULA:

• ALWAYS PUT ON PAPER AND WRITE IF KG OR LITERS
• YOU CANNOT DIVIDE KG BY LT
1. CHANGE THE WATER(LT) IN KG
2. MINUS YOUR RESULT TO THE WEIGHT OF THE OBJECT
3. IF YOU FIND – IN FRONT OF THE NUMBER, THE OBJECT SINK(NEGATIVE BUOYANCY)
4. TO FIND HOW MUCH AIR YOU NEED TO ADD IN LIFTING BAG, CHANGE THE KG IN LITER AGAIN AND YOU GET YOUR ANSWER
5. BE AWARE OF FRESH OR SALT WATER

 

ANSWER:

PARTIAL PRESSURE ( DALTON’S LAW)

 

• IN A MIXTURE OF GASES, THE TOTAL PRESSURE OF THE MIXTURE IS EQUAL TO THE SUM OF THE 2 GASES

 

FORMULA:

 

IN AIR WE HAVE O2 AND N2 OR SOME OTHER GASES WHO ARE TO SMALL TO BE COUNTED

 

O2 AROUND 21%

N2 AROUND 79%

 

AT THE SURFACE , THE PRESSURE IS 1 BAR

 

THE TOTAL OF O2 AND N2 HASE TO BE EQUAL TO 1

 

TO FIND THE PARTIAL PRESSURE, DIVIDE THE % BY 100

 

SURFACE WITH AIR 1 BAR TOTAL PRESSURE

 

EXEMPLE:        21% 02 / 100 =  0.21 PPO2

                        +79% N2/ 100 = +0.79 PPN2

                        -------               -------------

TOTAL           100%                1 BAR

 

 

 

10M WITH AIR SW 2 BAR TOTAL PRESSURE

 

EXEMPLE:        21% 02 / 100 =  0.21 PPO2 X2 =    0.42 PP02

                        +79% N2/ 100 = +0.79 PPN2 X2 = +1.58 PP02

                        -------               -------------                ------------

TOTAL           100%                1 BAR                        2BAR

 

• WHY WE NEED TO KNOW THE PARTIAL PRESSURE
• O2 IS TOXIC AT 1.4 PPO2 à CONVULTIONS
• N2 IS TOXIC AT 2.23PPN2 (18.3M) à NITROGEN NARCOSIS

 

 

HOW TO CALCULATE THE MAX DEPTH WITH PPO2:

 

MAX DEPTH =  14                            EMERGENCY DEPTH                     16

                            ----    -10                 CONTENGENCY DEPTH                ---    - 10

                            FO2                                                                                     FO2

 

EXEMPLE:    DIVING WITH AIR 21%O2

 

                        14                                                                                16

                        ---        -10 = 56.6M                                                    ---   -10 = 66.19M                          0.21                                                                             0.21

 

EXEMPLE: DIVING WITH NITROX 32%

 

14                                                                                16

                        ---        -10 = 33.75M                                                  ---   -10 = 40M                               0.32                                                                             0.32

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

HENRY’S LAW

 

• HENRY’S LAW STATE THAT WE ABSORB NITROGEN TO TRY TO EQUILIZE THE AMBIENT PRESSURE WITH OUR INSIDE BODY PRESSURE
• THE DEEPER WE GO THE MORE DENSE THE AIR IS SO WE ABSORB NITROGEN FASTER
• WE ABSORB NITROGEN UNTIL OUR BODY IS SATURATED WITH N2 (NON DECOMPRESSION LIMIT)
• WHEN WE COME UP TO THE SURFACE, OUR N2 PRESSURE INSIDE OUR BODY IS HIGHER THEN THE AMBIENT PRESSURE SO WE RELEASE N2
• WE ABSORB N2 MUCH FASTER THEN WE RELEASE IT.

 

 

LIGHT

 

• LIGHT IS REFLECTED ON THE SURFACE OF THE WATER
• THAN IT IS DIFFUSE AND ABSORB IN THE WATER
• BECAUSE OF THAT, WE LOOSE COLORS
• 1^ST IS RED, THAN ORANGE, THAN YELLOW, THAN GREEN, THAN BLUE
• OUR BLOOD AT 3M IS GREEN AND DARK BROWN AT 10M
• WE NEED LIGHT OF FLASHES TO SEE THE REAL COLOR UNDERWATER

 

LIGHT à REFRACTION

 

• UNDERWATER, OBJECTS LOOKS BIGGER BY 33% AND CLOSER BY 25%
• THIS IS CAUSE BY WATER AND LIGHT WHO TRAVEL SLOWER IN THE WATER.

 

LIGHT à TURBIDITY

 

• TURBIDITY CAUSES OBJECT TO LOOK FARTHER AWAY THAN THEY REALLY ARE.

 

SOUND

 

• SOUND TRAVEL ABOUT 4X FASTER IN THE WATER
• IT IS DIFFICULT TO KNOW WHERE THE SOUND COME FROM
• OUR BRAIN THINK THAT THE SOUND COME FROM OVERHEAD BECAUSE THE SOUND ARRIVES IN BOTH EARS AT THE SAME TIME

 

HEAT

 

• WE LOOSE HEAT 25X FASTER IN WATER
• THE BIGGEST LOOSE IS BY CONDUCTION( THE WATER TOUCH THE SKIN AND DICIPATE THE HEAT)
• USE A WETSUIT TO PROTECT AGAINST IT.
• 75% OF THIS HEAT GOES AWAY BY THE HEAD, SO IF YOU FEEL COLD PUT A HOOD.

 

 

Scuba Diving Physiology

 

1. we have 2 system in our body: cardiovascular system and respiratory system

 

Cardiovascular system:

 

• heart has 2 functions:

1. pump rich blood( O2) to the tissues via arteries, and pump poor blood (CO2) from the tissues via veins
2. pump poor blood (CO2) to the lungs via arteries and pump rich blood (O2) to the heart

 

the O2 and CO2 is exchange via Capillaries to and from the tissues

 

• if we have too much CO2 it is called Hypercapnia
• if we have not enough O2 it is called Hypoxia
• if we have too much O2 it is called Hyperoxia or O2 toxicity

 

• the heart beats approx 60 to 80 times per minutes and pump 5lt of blood per minutes

 

the O2 and CO2 is transported to and form the tissues via the red blood cells

 

respiratory system

 

• the lungs is where gas exchange occur.

1^st the air enter the trachea  then the bronchioles and then the alveoli.

The alveoli are cover by capillaries and it is where the gas exchange

 

• lungs capacity: (around 6.8lt of air)

1. total lung capacity – from total collapse to full inflation
2. vital capacity – total amount of air inhaled after maximal expiration
3. residual volume – the amount of air left in the lungs after maximal expiration
4. tidal volume – the volume of air who is exchanged during inhalation and exhalation

 

we breath around 12-20x per minute

 

 

we need to breath to decrese the CO2 level in the blood not because we don’t have enough O2

 

because the air we breath at depth is denser, it is more difficult to breath. To compensate, you need to breath more slowly

 

the response to stress from our body is to breath shallower.

By doing that, we don’t exchange enough new air from the regulator and by breathing the same air again and again, our body tells our brain that the level of CO2 is to high and we need to breath.

The best way to stop this pattern ( feeling that we don’t have enough air), breath deeply until you feel better. Otherwise panic occurs.

 

TEMPERATURE

 

      We loose temperature 25X faster in the water than in the air

The most affected is by conduction

The least affected is by radiation

 

TOO COLD

·       Mild Hpyothemia: (body react) not dangerous if handle correctly- don’t need hospital

1.     when the body core temperature (inside the body) is too low (less than 37)

2.     symptoms : shivering, difficulty to move the extremities

3.     best thing to do : stop the dive and dry off, drink hot fluids

 

1.     Advanced hypothermia: (body stop reacting) dangerous- need hospital

1.     fail to handle mild hypothermia

2.     symptoms : no shivering, feeling hot again, blackout, death

3.     best thing to do: stop the dive, dry off, treat for shock while transporting to hospital

TOO HOT

·       Heat exhaustion: (body react) not dangerous if handle correctly – don’t need hospital

1.     when the core body temperature is to hot

2.     symptoms : heavy perspiration (sweat) , cool skin, normal color, nausea

1.     best thing to do: shower, drink, jump in water, open the wetsuit, go away from the sun

 

·       Heat stroke : (body stop reacting) dangerous – need hospital

1.     fail to handle heat exhaustion

2.     symptoms : skin is hot, red, and the sweat stop, blackout , death

3.     best thing to do : protect from heat, wet towels, treat for shock while transporting to hospital

 

 

 

 

 

 

SQUEEZE (BAROTROMA)

 

A squeeze occur when the pressure outside and air space is more than the pressure inside

 

Don’t attempt to forcefully equalization, you can break the round window in the middle ear

 

If you don’t equalize you ears, you can break the eardrum who produce vertigo because cold water enter in the middle ear

 

It can happen in:

1.     THE EARS -   equalize all the way

2.     THE MASK – add air by blowing with the nose

3.     THE DRYSUIT – add air on the way down

4.     THE LUNGS – never empty your lungs on descent

5.     THE SINUSES – equalize all the way

 

REVERSE BLOCK

 

                        A reverse block can happen when the pressure inside an air space is more than the pressure outside and the air cannot escape

 

                        It can happen in:

1.     THE EARS – never take decongestion pills before diving

2.     THE LUNGS – holding the breath on ascent

3.     THE SINUSES - never take decongestion pills before diving

 

If it happen, go down a little a ascent very slowly and

 

ONLY DIVE IF YOUR SINIUSES ARE HEALTY

 

 

SINUSES:

 

                        We have 4 pairs of sinuses:

1.     frontal sinuses – above the eyes

2.     maxillary sinuses – below the eyes

3.     ethmoidal sinises – base of the nose

4.     spenoidal sinuses – deep inside the skull

 

EARS :            the ears are divided in 3 parts:

1.     the outer ear (the part that we see outside until the eardrum

2.     the middle ear (the part who is the most affected by pressure)

3.     the inner ear (who is in the skull and is not affected by pressure

 

when we equalize, we push air from the sinuses into the Eustachian tube and add air to the middle ear.

DECOMPRESSION ILLNESS (DCI)

 

            Is divide in 2 groups :

1.     Decompression sickness

2.     lungs overexpansion

 

Decompression sickness:

            Nitrogen goes out of solution

 

Causes:            - too fast up (max 9m / minute)

-       stay too long (ndl limite) non decompression limit

-       stay too deep (ndl limite) 

 

predisposing factors: 

-    dehydratation (water is taken from the body to rehydrate the dry air from the cylinder)

-       alcool

-       obesity (slow tissues release N2 slower)

-       injury

-       smoking (CO2 bonds 200x better with red blood cells than O2)

-       lack of sleep

-       illness ( the body focuses on the part to repair and send O2 and N2 in that place 1^st)

-       poor fitting equipment

-       certain drug

-       decompression dive

 

symptoms:       - joint pain

- tingling

- Numbness

- irritation

- swelling

- extreme fatigue

- weakness

- paralysis (when the bubbles are around the spinal cord)

- black out

- convulsion (when the bubbles are in the brain)

- nausea

- vomiting

- shortness of breath

- shock

- death

 

            1^st aid:             - 100% o2 for 30’

- treat for shock

- lay down in recovery position

- transport to hospital

- call DAN (diver alert network)

 

LUNGS OVEREXPANTION

 

            4 DIFFERENT KINDS:

1.     Air embolism

2.     mediastinal emphysema

3.     subcutaneous emphysema

4.     pneumothorax

 

 

 

AIR EMBOLISM: air inside the bloodstream

MEDIASTINAL EMPHYSEMA : air in the middle of the chest

SUBCUTANEOUS EMPHYSEMA :  air under the skin

PNEUMOTHORAX : collapse lungs

 

causes: holding the breath on ascent (most dangerous between 10m and the surface) 1.0m DIFFERENCE CAN CAUSE LUNGS OVEREXPANTION

 

symptoms :  SAME AS THE DCS    

- joint pain

- tingling

- Numbness

- irritation

- swelling

- extreme fatigue

- weakness

- paralysis

- black out

- convulsion

- nausea

- vomiting

- shortness of breath

- shock

- death

 

            1^st aid:             - 100% o2 for 30’

- treat for shock

- lay down in recovery position

- transport to hospital

- call DAN (diver alert network)

 

 

 

 

 

NITROGEN NARCOSIS

 

            Causes : high partial pressure of N2 (nitrogen) the Meyer-Overton theory

                                    It can happen as shallow as 24meters

 

            Symptoms : like to be drunk :           

- euphoria

- confusion

- foolish behaviors

- impaired coordination

- false sense of security

- fixation of idea

- visual hallucinations

- deterioration of reasoning

 

            1^st aid : ascent to shallower depth

 

 

CONTAMINED AIR

 

            Causes : Improper filling intake of the compressor (Carbon monoxide, oil vapors)

 

            Avoid: smell and taste the air before diving, fill in a trusted diveshop

 

            Symptoms:      - headache

- red lips

- red finger nails

           

            1^st aid :            - stop diving

- 100% O2

- Hospital if needed

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

OXYGEN TOXICITY

 

            2 KINDS : CNS (central nervous system or pulmonary)

 

                        CNS: due to high partial pressure of O2 more then 1.4 ppO2

 

                        Symptoms:     

- visual disturbances

- ear ringing

- muscle twitching

- vomiting

- convulsions

 

1^st aid : stop the dive

 

 

PULMONARY O2 TOXICITY : too long exposure to high ppO2

 

Symptoms :

-       burning sensations in the lungs

 

1^st aid : stop diving until it’s gone

 

 

GASES:

 

      O2 :     OXYGEN

O2 is about 20.9% of the air that we breath

O2 is transported by the red blood cells, and is absorb via the lungs (alveoli) to the circulatory system by the capillaries

                  O2 is good for us if the partial pressure don’t pass 1.4ppo2

                  Minimum ppo2 to stay conscious is 0.10 ppo2

                  We use 100% of O2 to any diving related problems. Its provide the tissues                        with more O2 than normal air.

 

      N2 :     NITROGEN

                  N2 is about 78 % of the air that we breath.

N2 is transported by the red blood cells and absorb by the tissues if we dive because of the pressure differential.

Without diving, the N2 is not absorb by our tissue

N2 causes nitrogen narcosis when under high partial pressure

 

            CO :    CARBON MONOXIDE

            CO is produce by burning materials :

                        Cigarette à it takes 12 hours to clean the body from 1 cigarette

Gasoline à when petrol driven compressor is used to fill cylinders, a small or big amount can be find inside the cylinder.

The intoxication produce light head, strong headache, excessive hyperventilation , confusion and black out

It can be very dangerous to have even a small amount if it in the cylinder while the air that we breath is denser than at the surface. Always be sure that the filling station and filters are clean and changed as the manufacturer recommends.

 

            CO2:   CARBON DIOXYDE

CO2 is produce by the muscles who use the O2 to produce power. The waist product is CO2. High level of CO2produces Hypercapnia (too much of CO2) and tells the brain to breath.

 

 

A  :      ARGON

argon is present I air in a very small quantity.

In diving it is used for dry suit inflation since it have about twice the isolation capacity than air.

 

He :     HELIUM

            Helium is present in air in a very small amount

            In diving, it is use to counter the effect of nitrogen narcosis is tech diving

            Heliox is a mix of helium and O2 with no N2

            Trimix is a mix of Helium, O2 and N2

            Both of them are use in tech diving